Group+Activity

Group 1 - The territory gained, new states admitted to the Union, the Missouri Compromise Group 2 - Monroe Doctrine, Era of Good Feelings, improvements in transportation Group 3 - American System, American Culture Group 4 - Opposition to the American System, Spread of Slavery Group 5 - Jacksonian Democracy, Elections of 1824 and 1828, Jackson's Administration

__**Group 1**__ Territory Gained -conflicts between the U.S and Spain over southern border of Spanish Florida. -secretary of state, John Quincy Adams talked with Spanish diplomat Luis de Onis about letting American settlers in Florida. -president James Monroe sent U.S troops to secure the U.S Florida border. -general Andrew Jackson led troops -conflicts between the U.S and the Seminole Indians of Florida -Seminole helped runaway slaves, sometimes raided U.S settlements -Jackson’s troops invaded Florida in 1818 to capture Seminole leaders -began the First Seminole War -during the war: -Jackson took over Spain’s important military posts -overthrew the governor of Florida -Jackson went against Spain without direct orders from Monroe -Jackson’s actions upset Spanish leaders, most Americans supported Jackson -Adams-Onis Treaty: -signed in 1819 by U.S and Spain -settled all order disputes between U.S and Spain -U.S gained East Florida under the treaty -U.S gives up what is now Texas, agreed to pay up to 5 million dollars of U.S citizens’ claims against Spain New States Admitted to the Union -Missouri -slave state -admitted in 1820 -passed under Missouri Compromise -Maine -free state -admitted in 1820 -passed under Missouri Compromise -kept number of slave and free states equal Missouri Compromise -Problems -sectionalism with northern and southern states (pro/anti- slavery) -about Missouri entering into the Union as a slave state which would unbalance the representation in the Senate -it was 11:11 of free states and slave states -both the northern and southern states want more power in Congress, not willing to give in some benefits for the other side. -it involved slave regulation in the western territories -this could lead to an increase in slave states in the future, worrying the north Proposals 1819- New York Representative James Tallmadge proposed an amendment to ban slavery in Missouri even though there were more than 2,000 slaves living there - did not pass Missouri would be accepted as a slave state, but importing enslaved African Americans would be illegal and the children of slaves would be freed after they become 25.

Missouri Compromise 1820 Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state 2. Maine would join as free state – this keeps number in Senate equal 3. Slavery prohibited in Louisiana Territory above southern border of Missouri with Missouri as the exception.

!! The Missouri Compromise was repealed by the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act and declared unconstitutional in the 1857 Dred Scott decision.

__**Group 2**__ Monroe Doctrine:
 * an exclusive statement of American policy warning European powers not to interfere with the Americas.
 * Issued on December 2nd 1823.
 * They passed this document because the government wanted to protect America’s interest from foreign affairs. It had the following points:
 * 1) U.S. would not interfere with affairs of European nations.
 * 2) U.S. would recognize and not interfere with, European colonies that already existed in the North and South America.
 * 3) Western Hemisphere was to be off-limits to future colonization by any foreign power
 * 4) U.S. would consider any European power’s attempt to colonize or interfere with nations in the Western Hemisphere to be a hostile act.

Era of Good Feelings - a phrase first used in the Boston Columbian Centinel newspaper on July 12, 1817 - follows the good-will visit to Boston of the new President James Monroe - generally applied to describe the national mood of the United States from about 1815 to 1825 - the period after the conclusion of the War of 1812 was marked by a lower level of concern over potential foreign intervention on the American continent, Improvements in Transportation - Cumberland Road - First road built by the federal government - Stretched from Cumberland to Maryland to Wheeling - Construction began in 1815 - Workers worked through harshe terrain - All work was hand donw without machine power - Stretched to Wheeling by 1818 - Called the National Road 1833 because this stretched to Columbus, Ohio - BY 1850, the road reached Illinois

- Erie Canal - Ran from Albany to Buffalo - Construction began in 1817, and finished in 1825 - The whole canal was dug by hand - The project cost millions of dollars - Worth the cost and trouble - Canal allowed goods and people near Lake Erie easier transportation to the east coast - Success the Erie Canal started the trend of many canals being built

__**Group 3**__

American System - It was a series of measures intended to make the U.S. **economically self-sufficient.** - As a plan to **strengthen and unify the nation**, the American System was advanced by the __Whig party__ and a number of leading politicians of the time, including Henry Clay, John Calhoun, and John Adams. - It was opposed by the __Democratic Party__, including people like Andrew Jackson, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan. - The term was first used by Clay in **1824**, although the group had been working on it for several years before. - It was a new form of **federalism.** - This system consisted of many different components, including:

__National Bank__ - Single currency made interstate trade easier, because it united all currency to one and prevented any chaos resulting from different currency rates in each state. - Preservation of the Bank helped stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks.

__Support for High Tariff__ - In the 1820s, Britain's continued penetration into U.S. markets and protectionist policies against U.S. exports created a **major trade imbalance** between the two countries. Clay proposed for a higher tariff partly to resolve this continuing conflict. - Clay believed that a higher tariff would stimulate national manufacturing and agriculture by insulating the domestic market from foreign products. (relatively cheaper American-made goods compared to more expensive European goods) - Some people were afraid that higher tariffs would lead to other countries to tax American exports, too, but this proposal was narrowly approved in May 1824 with a substantial raise in the rate. - Southern plantation owners were especially opposed to this protectionist slant of the policy, because their income was greatly linked with foreign markets. People from the **South** were not very satisfied with the American System. - Money from this protective tariff would partly be used to improve the roads and canals.
 * The establishment of a protective tariff, a 20-25 percent tax on imported goods*

__Federal Funding__ - The government's funding for improving internal conditions of the U.S. would help the commodity (raw materials or primary agricultural product) circulation and thus make American producers more competitive. - Clay believed that the stronger the economy of the U.S., the more competitive/resilient the U.S. would be when dealing with foreign trade competition or military threats. - More funding could also lead to constructing better transportation systems, which would help link the country more efficiently.

__Transportation__ - Before, most roads in the U.S. were made of dirt.(thus, transportation long and costly) - Clay believed roads and canals would a) unify the different regions of the U.S. b) facilitate the transportation of goods throughout the country c) improve the country's ability to defend itself against invasion or rebellion. - **Canals**: water transportation - All work was done without help of machines. - Irish immigrants dug entire canal by hand. (cost millions of dollars, but worth expense) - The canal allowed goods and ppl to move between towns on Lake Erie and NY City and the east coast. - People used flatboats to travel the canals. - **Road**: (from Cumberland, MD to Wheeling, VA) - Travelers on roads stopped at inns to rest and eat from the long journey. - **Later** -Turnpikes developed into steamboats with a steam engine that allowed both moving upstream and downstream. - Canals, which were very expensive and not as profitable for many people (except Erie Canal), soon were replaced with railroads. - steamboats: boosted coal industries __Maintenance of High Public Land Prices__ - This would generate federal revenue, which would be used in improving internal conditions of the nation. = __American Culture__ =
 * Erie Canal: ran from Albany to Buffalo, NY
 * Cumberland Road: first road built by the federal government.

1. Language
American Writers: ** Washington Irving ** - Writers Expressed their thoughts and feelings through literature and art - One of the first worldly renowned American writers was Washington Irving - He was born in 1783, and he was named after George Washington - His work depicted American history through satire (a humorous form of writing) - Irving said that Americans should learn from the past and be cautious about the future (this was his main theme) “Rip Van Winkle” - A short story that portrayed his main idea or theme “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” - European influence affected Irving’s setting and characters in his writing - His works served as a bridge between European literary traditions
 * Famous Works: **

American Writers: ** James Fenimore Cooper ** - Born to a wealthy New Jersey family in 1789 - Stories about the West and the Native Americans who lived on the frontier inspired him __“The Spy”__ - Published in 1821 - An adventure story set during the American Revolution __“The Pioneers”__ - Published in 1823 - The first of five novels featuring the heroic character: Natty Bumppo __“The Last of the Mochians”__ - Takes place during French and Indian War - Some critics criticized that Cooper’s characters were not interesting
 * Famous Works: **

Other American Writers: ** Catherine Maria Sedgwick ** - Wrote historical fiction - Her characters were inspired by the people of the Berkshire Hills region of Massachusetts (her hometown) “A New-England Tale and Hope Leslie”
 * Famous Works: **

2. A New Style of Art
- Writings of Irving and Cooper inspired painters - Artists started to paint landscapes that showed the history of America and the beauty of the land - Prior to Irving and Cooper, artists mainly painted portraits - In 1830s the Hudson River emerged - Artists of the school created paintings that reflected national pride and an appreciation of the American landscape - Founder of the Hudson River school - Recognized the unique qualities of the American landscape - Encouraged other artists to express nature as he gained fame - By 1840s the style of American painting changed - they started to express American nature and everyday scenes of Americans __George Caleb Bingham Alfred Jacob Miller__
 * Hudson River school**
 * Thomas Cole**
 * Famous Artists ** ** in 1840s ** :

- Through the early and mid 1800s, several waves of religious revivalism swept the United States
- During the periods of revivalism, meetings were held for the purpose of reawakening of religious faith - Meetings lasted for days and included large sing-alongs - At revival meetings, people sang songs called spirituals - Spirituals are a type of folk hymn found in both white and African American folk-music traditions - The spirituals originated from calling out text from the Bible

__Music__
- Popular folk music of the period reflected unique views of the growing nation in a different way Popular Songs: __“Hunters of Kentucky”__ - Celebrated the Battle of New Orleans - Became an anthem for the spirit of nationalsim in the United States - It was also successfully used in Andrew Jackson’s campaign for the presidency in 1828

= 4. Architecture and Education = = =

__**Group 4**__
 - Amercan system : series of measures intended to make he United States economically self sufficient - Clay believed that strong national economy would promote national feeling and reduce regional conflicts. - Clay made the American system - The congress believed that is was not a good idea for the federal government to spend money to improve some transportation in order to improve the trading system. - However, in the early 1800s, to improve nation's tranportation, Congress agreed w/ Clay and built the "Cumberland road" ( This was the first road to be built by the federal government) -some congress members thinking that it was unconstitutional for the federal government to use money for internal improvementslavery
 * Opposition to the American System**

**The Spread Of Slavery**

During the first half of the 1800s, fewer white families owned plantation and slaves

Industrial Revolution took place

New machines being invented, 3 workers no longer needed the specific skills of craftspeople to work in new mills

Many mills demanded for more workers

From 1790 to 1860, cotton production rose greatly.

The number of enslaved people in the South rose with the cotton.

Using slave labor, the South raised millions of bales of cotton each year for the textile mills of England and the American Northeast.

The Cotton Gin cause a vast move forward.


 * Growth Of Cotton Industry**

Eli Whitney invented a machine for cleaning cotton, the Cotton Gin in 1793.

Short-fibered cotton that grew in most parts of the South was hard to clean by hand.

A worker could clean just one pound of this cotton in a day.

Whitney’s cotton gin made the cotton-cleaning process far more efficient.

With the new machine, one worker could now clean as much as 50 pounds of cotton a day.

The cotton gin helped set the South on a different course of development from the North.

It made short-fibered cotton a commercial product and changed Southern life in four important ways.

Because cotton was valuable, planters grew more cotton rather than other goods, and cotton exports increased. More Native American groups were driven off Southern land as it was taken over for cotton plantations.

Growing cotton required a large work force, and slaves from the east were sold south and west to new cotton plantations.

More cotton meant more money, and more cotton required slaves so for money there was more slaves needed after the Cotton Gin.


 * Missouri Compromise**

Was an agreement between the pro- and anti-slavery factions regulating slavery in the western territories. Prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36’30’ except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. Slavery was such an important thing back than that if it went on the constitution they wouldn’t have a deal. Decided to push off that problem until later on. Also referred to as the Compromise of 1820 Established a precedent for the exclusion of slavery from public territory acquired after the Constitution.

__**Group 5**__  Jacksonian Democracy **-period of expanding democracy in the 1820s and 1830s**

-In the early 1800s, workshops run by craftspeople were being replaced by factories owned by business people in the North, and in the South, small family farms were replaced by large cotton plantation owned by wealthy white people with slaves, due to the Industrial Revolution. -These people with small scale businesses and farms felt like they were losing power in the government, as some of the people believed that the government should be run by wealthy, property-owning man. -Government policies also helped the wealthy minority

-Small farmers, frontier, settlers, and slave holders supported Andrew Jackson, whom they believed could defend the rights of the common people and slave states

-Democratic reforms were made during Jackson’s popularity -Some states made it so that more white people could vote and black people could not vote at all -Political parties held nominating conventions, where party members chose the party’s candidates instead of party leaders Election of 1824

· Jackson ran for president with John Quincy Adams. · Nobody had a majority of votes · House of Representatives chose John Adams who was the Secretary of state · J John Adams was supported by Thomas Clay Election of 1828

· Jackson and John both went out, like a rematch · Jackson won this time with 56%

 1. North: - Economy was based on manufacturing - Supported tariffs - Opposed the sale of public land 2. South: - Economy was based on farming (agriculture). - Raised all types of crops, but especially cotton and tobacco. - Imported North’s manufactured goods. - Opposed tariffs. - Relied on slavery 3. West: - Economy was emerging. - Supported sale of public lands and internal improvements. - **Tariff of Abominations**: High tariff on imports until Andrew Jackson took office in 1829. - Economic depression and tariffs damaged Southern America. - Vice president John C. Calhoun drafted //South Carolina Exposition and Protest// to oppose tariff and advance the **states’ rights doctrine**. - **States’ Rights Doctrine**: “State power should be greater than federal power” - **Nullification Crisis**: Conflict between Calhoun’s supporters and opponents. - In the debate about states’ rights, South Carolina’s senator Robert Y. Hayne defended states’ rights and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts argued that the welfare of the nation should override that of individual states. - Andrew Jackson passed another tariff that lowered the previous rate, but South Carolina was not convinced. - South Carolina passed Nullification Act and threatened to withdraw from the Union, but no other state supported South Carolina. - Andrew Jackson and Congress passed the Force Bill, and approved the use of the army (if necessary) as a response. - Both Congress and South Carolina agreed to the compromise proposed by Henry Clay in 1833, because it would lower the tariff over several years. However, argument was continued and caused Civil War. - Andrew Jackson always supported greater federal power. - Andrew Jackson and most of the Southern states opposed the Second Bank of the United States. - Bank held federal deposits, made transfers of federal funds between states, dealt with payments or receipts, and issued bank notes or paper currency. - Maryland tried to limit the Bank’s operations by passing a tax. - In 1832, Bank director Nicholas Biddle pushed for a bill to renew the Bank’s charter. - Andrew Jackson weakened Bank by moving most of its funds to state banks, and later it causes inflation. - Andrew Jackson tried to slow the inflation by forcing people to use only gold and silver and by lowering the national debt. - In 1834, a new political party called Whigs had formed to oppose Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. They favored the idea of a weak president and a strong Congress. William Henry Harrison, an army general was their candidate. - **Panic of 1837**: Economic depression in 1837, which was caused by Andrew Jackson’s banking policies and his unsuccessful plan to curb inflation.
 * __ Jackson’s Administration __**